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I am grateful to Brian An, David Armor, David Card, Sheryll Cashin, Erwin Chemerinsky, Chris Elmendorf, Reynolds Farley, Lee Fennell, Jeremy Fiel, Jim Greiner, Matthew Hall, Rick Hasen, Aziz Huq, John Iceland, Ellen Katz, Douglas Massey, Martha Minow, Martha Nussbaum, Rick Pildes, Alex Polikoff, Eric Posner, Sean Reardon, Florence Roisman, Daria Roithmayr, James Ryan, Richard Sander, Robert Schwemm, Stacy Seicshnaydre, Michael Seidman, Genevieve Siegel-Hawley, Lior Strahilevitz, and David Strauss for their helpful comments. My thanks also to the workshop participants at the University of Chicago, where I presented an earlier version of the Article. I am pleased as well to acknowledge the support of the Robert Helman Law and Public Policy Fund.

. For valuable comments on an earlier draft, we thank Will Baude, Seyla Benhabib, Jessica Bulman-Pozen, Josh Chafetz, Robert Ferguson, Joey Fishkin, David Fontana, Willy Forbath, Barry Friedman, Jeff Gordon, Bernard Harcourt, Olati Johnson, Laura Kalman, Jody Kraus, Daryl Levinson, Anna Lvovsky, Gillian Metzger, Henry Monaghan, Sarah Rajec, Steve Sachs, Fred Schauer, Pierre Schlag, Ian Shapiro, Ganesh Sitaraman, Larry Solum, James Stern, Peter Strauss, Cass Sunstein, Katie Tabb, Eric Talley, Calvin TerBeek, and Mark Tushnet, as well as workshop participants at Columbia Law School and William & Mary Law School. For helpful research assistance, we thank Kendall Collins and Mickey DiBattista.