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Thank you to Jon Fish, Garrett Solberg, and all of the editors at The University of Chicago Law Review for their comments and advice.

I would like to thank Professor William Baude and the editors and staff of The University of Chicago Law Review for their thoughtful advice and insight.

For excellent comments and suggestions, I thank Michael Abramowicz, Will Baude, Sam Bray, Aaron-Andrew Bruhl, Christian Burset, Jud Campbell, Ray Campbell, Nathan Chapman, Michael Dorf, David Freeman Engstrom, Nora Freeman Engstrom, Abbe Gluck, Jacob Goldin, John Harrison, David Hyman, Ben Johnson, Hajin Kim, Randy Kozel, Marin Levy, Daniel Markovits, Michael McConnell, Tracey Meares, Anne Joseph O’Connell, James Phillips, Zach Price, Jane Schacter, Geoff Sigalet, Shirin Sinnar, David Sklansky, Norm Spaulding, Mark Storslee, Diego Zambrano, and participants at the Civil Procedure Workshop and the Peking University School of Transnational Law Faculty Workshop. Ben Gibson, Emily Goldenberg, Benjamin Keener, Ariella Park, Austin Peters, and Victor Xu provided excellent research assistance. Finally, I am grateful to the federal judges who agreed to be interviewed for this project and to the indefatigable editorial team at The University of Chicago Law Review.

I am grateful to Rachel Barkow, Curt Bradley, Tara Grove, Vicki Jackson, John Manning, Daphna Renan, Mark Tushnet, and Amanda Tyler for extraordinarily helpful comments on a prior draft, to participants at Harvard Law School’s Public Law Workshop for illuminating questions and suggestions, and to Grayson Clary, Ian Eppler, Emily Massey, and Alex Slessarev for superb research assistance.