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I would like to thank Professor Alison Siegler for introducing me to the law on joinder. This Comment would not exist without her guidance and support. I would also like to thank the talented editors of the Law Review for their helpful comments and suggestions.

Research for this Essay was conducted while the author was Visiting Professor of Law and John Harvey Gregory Lecturer on World Organization, Harvard Law School, Spring 2017. She would like to thank the members of the Group on Autocratic Legalism (GOAL) at Harvard Law School, particularly Cem Tecimer, Isabel Roby, and Jakub Jozwiak for their excellent research assistance on Turkey, Venezuela, and Poland, respectively, as well as Mark Tushnet, Vicki Jackson, Scott Brewer, Oren Tamir, and others who attended these sessions for providing both a sounding board and new cases to consider. For valuable research assistance on Hungary, she would also like to thank Panna Balla of Harvard Law School and Cassie Emmons and Miklós Bánkuti, currently and formerly of Princeton. She also appreciates the daily counsel of Jan-Werner Müller, Dan Kelemen, Laurent Pech, Dimitry Kochenov, Tomasz Koncewicz, and Gábor Halmai for constant exchanges on these topics in real time. And she thanks participants in the symposium organized by Tom Ginsburg and Aziz Huq on The Limits of Constitutionalism, as well as the editors of The University of Chicago Law Review for insightful suggestions.

Prior versions of this Essay were presented as lectures at the School of Law of the University of Buenos Aires, the Faculty of Law of the University of São Paolo, the University of Texas School of Law, and at the American Philosophical Association Pacific Division Meeting in Vancouver. My deep appreciation goes to Gregory Crane, David Drew, and Stephen Levandoski for their research assistance.

Thanks to symposium participants for helpful responses and conversations, and toBrent Cooper and other editors at theReviewfor excellent edits. Support for this work wassupplied by the Frank J. Cicero, Jr. Fund.

My thanks to Julia Haines and Manuel Valle, The University of Chicago Law School, Class of 2017, and Kenneth Hersey and Jonathan Povilonis, NYU School of Law, Class of 2018, for their usual excellent research assistance.

Many thanks to Richard Briffault, Tom Ginsburg, Jamal Greene, Ran Hirschl, Richard Holden, Aziz Huq, David Landau, Sabeel Rahman, Kim Lane Scheppele, and Mila Versteeg for helpful comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this Essay. Thanks are also due to Melissa Voigt for outstanding research assistance.