Appellate Courts

Online
Essay
The Organization Judge
David Zaring
Professor of Legal Studies, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.

Thanks to Benjamin Barton, Adam Chilton, Brian Feinstein, Jonathan Nash, and Anne Joseph O’Connell for invaluable comments, and to Michelle Mohr for research assistance. © 2020, David Zaring.

In the 1950s, American corporate executives were overwhelmingly white, male, and valued progression within well-defined hierarchies over creativity.