The president must go! Thus rings the call across many democracies, including our own.
May
2025
For helpful discussions, the authors thank Joshua Braver, Yoav Dotan, Roberto Dalledone Machado Filho, Juliano Zaiden Benvindo, Sabrina Ragone, Jeong-In Yun, and participants at the ICON-S Conference in Santiago, Chile, July 2019, as well as workshops at Georgetown University Law Center, the University of Chicago Law School, University of Maryland Carey School of Law, NYU School of Law, Vanderbilt Law School, and the University of California-Berkeley School of Law. Thanks to Young Hun Kim for providing useful data and to Kali Cilli and Delhon Braaten for research assistance.
Thanks to Humberto Romero, Shih-An Wang, and Alex Wong for research assistance.
In the wake of World War II, liberal constitutionalism emerged as a default design choice for political systems across Europe and North America. It then diffused more widely across the globe as a whole.
Thanks to Jack Barceló, Omri Ben-Shahar, Christopher Drahozal, Lee Fennell, Philip J. Loree, Jr, Paul Bennett Marrow, Judge Richard Mosk, and Stephen Ware for helpful comments. Thanks also to Joseph Parish for helpful research assistance.
Thanks to John Gerring, Brian Leiter, Saul Levmore, Simone Sepe, and Lawrence Solum for superb comments.
I. A Primer on Conceptualization and Measurement
A. Concepts and Conceptualization