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v88.2
Competing Algorithms for Law: Sentencing, Admissions, and Employment
Saul Levmore
William B. Graham Distinguished Service Professor of Law, The University of Chicago Law School.

We benefited from discussions with colleagues at a University of Chicago Law School workshop and with Concetta Balestra Fagan and Eliot Levmore.

Frank Fagan
Associate Professor of Law, EDHEC Business School, France.

When the past is thought to predict the future, it is unsurprising that machine learning, with access to large data sets, wins prediction contests when competing against an individual, including a judge. Just as computers predict next week’s weather better than any human working alone, at least one study shows that machine learning can make better decisions than can judges when deciding whether or not to grant bail.

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v88.2
The Missing Indian Affairs Clause
Lorianne Updike Toler
Olin Searle Fellow, Yale Law School’s Information Society Project.

This Article is dedicated to my former law professor, Larry Echo Hawk, a member of the Pawnee Nation and Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Indian Affairs for President Barack Obama. I am greatly indebted to those who have provided helpful insights and comments on earlier drafts and underlying research, including Akhil Amar, Jack Balkin, William Baude, Steve Calabresi, Bradford Clark, Nicholas Cole, William Ewald, Lawrence Friedman, Shlomo Klapper, David Landau, Soren Schmidt, Michalyn Steele, Larry Solum, and Kevin Worthen. I thank my parents, John B. Updike and V. Lauri Updike, for acting as technical editors, and the very able editors of The University of Chicago Law Review. My heartfelt thanks also goes to Lee Arnold at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania for providing access to James Wilson’s Papers and particularly his drafts of the Constitution, and to Julie Miller, Julie Biggs, and Jennifer Evers from the Conservation Division of the Library of Congress for providing images and doing further forensic research of Randolph’s sketch. Finally, my thanks go to the indispensable Yale Law librarians, who never cease to lend valuable and timely assistance.

Billy Jo Lara, a Turtle Mountain Native American, struck a federal officer on the Spirit Lake Reservation.

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88.1
Proximate Cause Explained: An Essay in Experimental Jurisprudence
Joshua Knobe
Professor of Philosophy and Psychology and Linguistics, Yale University.

For comments on an earlier version, we are deeply grateful to Guilherme Almeida, Fiery Cushman, Mihailis Diamantis, Ivar Hannikainen, Scott Hershovitz, Brian Leiter, James Macleod, Roseanna Sommers, Andy Summers, Kevin Tobia, John Witt, Ben Zipursky, and Gideon Yaffe. Katya Botchkina provided excellent research assistance and her philosophical suggestions were immensely helpful to us in drafting Part VI.

Scott Shapiro
Charles F. Southmayd Professor of Law and Professor of Philosophy, Yale University.

A few days before Christmas 1924, William Markowitz sold an air rifle to Richard Kevans. Markowitz should not have made that sale.

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88.1
Stickiness and Incomplete Contracts
Julian Nyarko
Assistant Professor of Law, Stanford Law School.

For helpful comments and suggestions, I thank Adam Badawi, Douglas Baird, Robert Bartlett, Andrew Bradt, Guy-Uriel Charles, Benjamin Chen, Adam Chilton, Albert Choi, Ryan Copus, Robert Cooter, John Coyle, Kevin Davis, John DeFigueredo, Josh Fischman, Jeffrey Gordon, Joe Grundfest, Mitu Gulati, Andrew Guzman, Deborah Hensler, Tim Holbrook, Bert Huang, William Hubbard, Matthew Jennejohn, Francine Lafontaine, Katerina Linos, Jonathan Masur, Justin McCrary, Joshua Mitts, Kevin Quinn, Bertrall Ross, Sarath Sanga, Robert Scott, Megan Stevenson, Eric Talley, Glenn West, Diego Zambrano, and Eyak Zamir, as well as the participants of workshops at Columbia Law School, NYU School of Law, Stanford Law School, the University of Chicago Law School, University of Virginia School of Law, University of Michigan Law School, UC Davis School of Law, University of Hamburg Faculty of Law, the 2020 American Bar Association M&A Committee Meeting, the 2020 Association of American Law Schools Annual Meeting, the 2020 Stanford-IACCM Symposium, the 2019 Northwestern Conference on Law and Textual Analysis, the 2019 Annual Empirical Contracts Workshop at Penn, the 2019 Annual Meeting of the German Law and Economics Association, the 2018 Conference on Empirical Legal Studies, the 2018 Conference on Empirical Legal Studies in Europe, and the 2018 International Conference on the Economics of Litigation.

In the 1990s, Sprint PCS, one of the leading telecommuni-cations companies in the United States, created a wireless af-filiate program.
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88.1
The Comparative Constitutional Law of Presidential Impeachment
Tom Ginsburg
Leo Spitz Professor of International Law and Ludwig and Hilde Wolf Research Scholar, The University of Chicago Law School.

For helpful discussions, the authors thank Joshua Braver, Yoav Dotan, Roberto Dalledone Machado Filho, Juliano Zaiden Benvindo, Sabrina Ragone, Jeong-In Yun, and participants at the ICON-S Conference in Santiago, Chile, July 2019, as well as workshops at Georgetown University Law Center, the University of Chicago Law School, University of Maryland Carey School of Law, NYU School of Law, Vanderbilt Law School, and the University of California-Berkeley School of Law. Thanks to Young Hun Kim for providing useful data and to Kali Cilli and Delhon Braaten for research assistance.

Aziz Huq
Frank and Bernice N. Greenberg Professor of Law, The University of Chicago Law School.
David Landau
Mason Ladd Professor and Associate Dean for International Programs, Florida State University College of Law.
The president must go! Thus rings the call across many democracies, including our own.
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87.8
Exporting American Discovery
Yanbai Andrea Wang
Assistant Professor of Law, University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School.

For generous conversations and comments, I am grateful to Aziza Ahmed, Kevin Benish, Pamela Bookman, Beth Burch, Guy‑Uriel Charles, Kevin Clermont, Zachary Clopton, Brooke Coleman, William Dodge, David Engstrom, Nora Engstrom, George Fisher, Maggie Gardner, Myriam Gilles, Jasmine Harris, Larry Helfer, Deborah Hensler, Aziz Huq, Mark Kelman, Amalia Kessler, Tim Lovelace, Rick Marcus, Doug Melamed, Jenny Martinez, Anne O’Connell, Katerina Ossenova, Aaron Simowitz, Shirin Sinnar, David Sklansky, David Sloss, Norman Spaulding, Al Sykes, Justin Weinstein-Tull, Steve Yeazell, Diego Zambrano, as well as participants at the American Society of International Law Research Forum, Annual Civil Procedure Workshop, Bay Area Civil Procedure Forum, Emerging Scholars Workshop, Grey Fellows Forum, Junior Faculty Federal Courts Workshop, Northern California International Law Scholars Workshop, “The Extraterritorial State” Symposium at Willamette, and workshops at UC Berkeley, Boston College, Cardozo Law, Cornell, UC Davis, Duke, Emory, the University of Florida, Fordham, Georgetown, the University of Michigan, the University of Pennsylvania, and the University of Virginia. For exceptional research assistance, I thank Alexis Abboud, Douglas Callahan, Wesley DeVoll, Jeffrey Ho, Aletha Dell Smith, Sam Sherman, and Leonardo Villalobos. Thanks also to the thoughtful editors of The University of Chicago Law Review.

Across the country, federal courts now routinely have a hand in the resolution of foreign civil disputes. They do so by compelling discovery in the United States—typically as much discovery as would be available for a lawsuit adjudicated in federal district court—and making it available for use in foreign civil proceedings governed by different procedural rules.
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87.8
The Myth of Creditor Sabotage
Vincent S.J. Buccola
Assistant Professor, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.

This Article was substantially written while Mah and Zhang were undergraduates, and it reflects neither the opinions of nor nonpublic information about their employers. The authors thank Ken Ayotte, Allison Buccola, Saul Levmore, Josh Macey, Adriana Robertson, Mike Simkovic, David Skeel, Matt Turk, and participants at a Wharton faculty workshop for criticism of defunct drafts.

Jameson K. Mah
Investment Analyst, Cyrus Capital Partners. BS (Economics), The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Tai Zhang
Analyst. BS (Economics), The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.

A basic assumption in the standard paradigm of corporate finance is that a company’s investors want the company to succeed. To be sure, investors of different classes—stockholders and bondholders, for example—bear risk and reward unequally.

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87.7
Frankfurter, Abstention Doctrine, and the Development of Modern Federalism: A History and Three Futures
Lael Weinberger
Raoul Berger-Mark DeWolfe Howe Legal History Fellow, Harvard Law School.

For helpful conversations and thoughtful feedback that made this Article better, I am grateful to Patrick Barry, William Baude, Lisa Bernstein, Samuel Bray, Zachary Clopton, Michael Collins, Richard Epstein, Patrick Fuster, Daniel Hemel, Zac Henderson, Aziz Huq, Daniel Kelly, Adam Mortara, Michael Solimine, Manuel Valle, Laura Weinrib, Hon. Diane Wood, Ilan Wurman, and participants in workshops and conferences at the University of Chicago, Loyola University Chicago, and the American Association of Law Schools. Thanks also to the editors of The University of Chicago Law Review for their hard work and helpful input.

The Supreme Court did not use the term “federalism” in any opinions in its first 150 years. The Court had (of course) previously talked about federal-state relations, but it did so without the term “federalism”—it preferred a different vocabulary, discussing the police powers of the states and the enumerated powers of the federal government.

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87.6
The Adjudicative Model of Precedent
Charles W. Tyler
Visiting Professor of Law and Executive Director, Constitutional Law Center, Stan-ford Law School.

For excellent comments and suggestions, I thank Michael Abramowicz, Will Baude, Sam Bray, Aaron-Andrew Bruhl, Christian Burset, Jud Campbell, Ray Campbell, Nathan Chapman, Michael Dorf, David Freeman Engstrom, Nora Freeman Engstrom, Abbe Gluck, Jacob Goldin, John Harrison, David Hyman, Ben Johnson, Hajin Kim, Randy Kozel, Marin Levy, Daniel Markovits, Michael McConnell, Tracey Meares, Anne Joseph O’Connell, James Phillips, Zach Price, Jane Schacter, Geoff Sigalet, Shirin Sinnar, David Sklansky, Norm Spaulding, Mark Storslee, Diego Zambrano, and participants at the Civil Procedure Workshop and the Peking University School of Transnational Law Faculty Workshop. Ben Gibson, Emily Goldenberg, Benjamin Keener, Ariella Park, Austin Peters, and Victor Xu provided excellent research assistance. Finally, I am grateful to the federal judges who agreed to be interviewed for this project and to the indefatigable editorial team at The University of Chicago Law Review.

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87.6
Political Questions and the Ultra Vires Conundrum
Richard H. Fallon Jr
Story Professor of Law, Harvard Law School.

I am grateful to Rachel Barkow, Curt Bradley, Tara Grove, Vicki Jackson, John Manning, Daphna Renan, Mark Tushnet, and Amanda Tyler for extraordinarily helpful comments on a prior draft, to participants at Harvard Law School’s Public Law Workshop for illuminating questions and suggestions, and to Grayson Clary, Ian Eppler, Emily Massey, and Alex Slessarev for superb research assistance.

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