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85.8
The Constitutionality of Income-Based Fines
Alec Schierenbeck
JD, Stanford Law School, 2015

The author thanks Robert Weisberg, Beth Colgan, Alexandra Brodsky, Emma Kaufman, Andrew Rohrbach, and Gary Dyal for their generous guidance and comments. Special thanks to the student editors who labored to improve this piece: John Butterfield, Megan Coggeshall, Blake Eaton, Carly Gibbs, Jordan G. Golds, Jing Jin, Matthew LaGrone, Valentina Oliver, Eric Petry, Kimon Triantafyllou, and Lael Weinberger. All errors are mine.

When Americans break the law—whether it’s a minor offense like littering or a serious crime like felony assault—they tend to face the same financial penalties, no matter their income.

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Online 86
How Probable is “Plausible”?
Daniel A. Epstein
Attorney at Jenner & Block LLP

My thanks to William H. J. Hubbard, Anthony J. Casey, Vincent S.J. Buccola, Drew H. Bailey, Nora E. Becerra, Huiyi Chen, Eric E. Petry, Vaughn Olson, and Nathaniel K.S. Wackman for comments and criticisms of earlier drafts; to Emily Samra for assistance with research; and to the staff of The University of Chicago Law Review for helping to get this Article into final form.

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85.7
Is Efficiency Biased?
Zachary Liscow
Associate Professor, Yale Law School

Thanks to Bruce Ackerman, Matt Adler, Anne Alstott, Ian Ayres, Bob Cooter, Dan Farber, Lee Fennell, Ed Fox, Heather Gerken, Jacob Goldin, Michael Graetz, Andrew Hayashi, Christine Jolls, Amy Kapczynski, Louis Kaplow, Max Kasy, Al Klevorick, Lewis Kornhauser, Doug Kysar, Daniel Markovits, Mitch Polinsky, Alex Raskolnikov, Susan Rose-Ackerman, Chris Sanchirico, David Schleicher, Alan Schwartz, Steve Shavell, Matt Stephenson, Judge Stephen Williams, Gui Woolston, and participants at the Columbia Tax Policy Workshop, Yale Law School Faculty Workshop, National Tax Association Annual Meetings, Loyola Law School Tax Policy Workshop, Boston University Law and Economics Workshop, Boston College Tax Policy Workshop, and William and Mary Faculty Workshop for helpful comments. Thanks to Daniel Giraldo, Brian Highsmith, Quentin Karpilow, Michael Loughlin, Brian McGrail, Farrah Ricketts, Kate Tian, and Jacob Waggoner for excellent research assistance.

Suppose that a city is considering building neighborhood parks, each of which costs $1 million to build. The residents of a rich neighborhood are willing to pay $2 million for the park, but the residents of a poor neighborhood are willing to pay only $500,000, less than the cost of construction.
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85.7
In Defense of Territorial Jurisdiction
Cody J. Jacobs
Visiting Assistant Professor, Chicago-Kent College of Law

Thanks to Stephen Sachs, Patrick Borchers, Alex Boni-Saenz, Mark Rosen, Chris Schmidt, Mike Gentithes, Lori Andrews, Richard Wright, Greg Reilly, and Harold Krent for their helpful comments on this Article .

Brent Tyrrell worked for railroads all his life. When he was working for BNSF, a multibillion-dollar company and one of the largest railroads in North America, Brent developed terminal kidney cancer, allegedly as a result of his on-the-job exposure to harmful industrial chemicals.

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85.6
Relational Contracts of Adhesion
David A. Hoffman
Professor of Law, University of Pennsylvania Law School

I would like to thank the individuals who agreed to be interviewed for this article: Hissan Bajwa, Michal Rosenn, Bonnie Broeren, Rob Chesnut, Eric Goldman, Jay Monahan, Ari Shahdadi, Curtis Anderson, Ed Ferguson, Michael Cheah, Hansen Tong, and Miranda Lerner. Katherine Schloss Ackerman (Penn ’17), Elyssa Eisenberg (Penn ’18), and Michelle Kao (Penn ’18) provided research assistance. Tom Baker, Shyam Balganesh, Danielle Citron, Zev Eigen, Meirav Furth-Matzkin, Eric Goldman, Ethan Leib, Sophia Lee, Greg Klass, Florencia Marotta-Wurgler, Melanie McMenamin, Lior Strahilevitz, Rick Swedloff, Michael Risch, Tess Wilkinson-Ryan, David Wishnick, and participants at faculty workshops at the University of Pennsylvania, Boston University, UC Hastings, Villanova University, University of Chicago, and the Second Empirical Contracts Working Group provided useful feedback.

Consumer contract theory is myopically focused on the unread fine print. Because consumers don’t read their contracts, firms can make “hidden” terms worse without lowering prices.

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85.6
A New Market-Based Approach to Securities Law
Kevin S. Haeberle
Associate Professor of Law, William & Mary Law School
M. Todd Henderson
Michael J. Marks Professor of Law and Mark Claster Mamolen Research Scholar, University of Chicago Law School

Many scholars have proposed market-based solutions to the well-known shortcomings of modern securities law.

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85.5
War Manifestos
Oona A. Hathaway
Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law, Yale Law School

We thank Drew Adan, Alison Burke, Ann-Marie Cooper, Clément Dupuy, Jason Eiseman, Sarah Kraus, Evelyn Ma, John Nann, Michael VanderHeijden, and especially Ryan Harrington, who hunted down, translated, and analyzed manuscripts, manifestos, archival materials, and rare books from libraries and collections all around the world, and Theresa Cullen for her leadership of the Yale Law School Library, without which this project would not have been possible. We are grateful to Stuart Shirrell for his assistance with the data analysis. We are indebted to our research assistants, who brought to the project outstanding legal research skills, analytical expertise, and extraordinary language skills, including Classical Chinese, Latin, French, German, Portuguese, Dutch, Italian, and Ottoman Turkish: Nico Banac, Jacob Bennett, Perot Bissell, Johannes Buchheim, Varun Char, Idriss Fofana, Jade Ford, Ole Hinz, Michelle Huang, Sameer Jaywant, Aubrey Jones, Tobias Kuehne, Ling-wei Kung, Steve Lance, Ji Ma, Gregor Novak, Pedro Ramirez, Britta Redwood, Bonnie Robinson, Elisa Ronzheimer, James Rumsey-Merlan, Daniel Schwennicke, Ingmar Samyn, Mary Ella Simmons, David Stanton, Evan Welber, and Thorsten Wilhelm. We also thank participants in the Vanderbilt Law School works-in-progress workshop and Yale Law School faculty workshop for their immensely helpful feedback.

William S. Holste
Associate, Shearman & Sterling LLP
Scott J. Shapiro
Charles F. Southmayd Professor of Law and Philosophy at Yale Law School
Jacqueline Van De Velde
JD, Yale Law School, 2017
Lisa Wang Lachowicz
Associate, Debevoise & Plimpton LLP

The UN Charter provides that states are prohibited from the “threat or use of force” against other sovereign states.

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85.5
State Bureaucratic Undermining
Justin Weinstein-Tull
Associate Professor, Arizona State University College of Law

I am grateful to the readers who made this paper what it is, the teachers who gave more support than I deserve, and the friends who inexplicably saw brightness throughout.

Turbulence rocks the federal government, and it is now faddish to romanticize states as sites of resistance.

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85.4
Cost-Benefits Analysis and the Judicial Role
Jonathan S. Masur
John P. Wilson Professor of Law and David and Celia Hilliard Research Scholar, The University of Chicago Law School

Thanks to David Driesen, Jerry Ellig, Jake Gersen, Daniel Hemel, Jennifer Nou, Cathy Sharkey, David Strauss, Cass Sunstein, Kip Viscusi, and participants at workshops at The University of Chicago Law School and Syracuse Law School for helpful comments, to the Russell Baker Scholars Fund, the David and Celia Hilliard Fund, and the Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz Program in Behavioral Law, Finance and Economics for research support, and to Mei Ying Barnes, Hanan Cidor, Kathrine Gutierrez, Christina McClintock, Isabella Nascimento, Holly Newell, and Michael Wheat for excellent research assistance.

Eric A. Posner
Kirkland & Ellis Distinguished Service Professor and Arthur and Esther Kane Research Chair, The University of Chicago Law School

CBA is a decision procedure whose normative basis is what Professor Matthew Adler and one of us has called weak welfarism. Welfarism is the principle that the well-being of people is morally important.

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85.4
Citizens of the State
Maeve Glass
Associate Professor of Law, Columbia Law School

For helpful comments on earlier drafts, many thanks to Tomiko Brown-Nagin, Jessica Bulman-Pozen, Christine Desan, Einer Elhauge, Elizabeth F. Emens, Marie-Amélie George, Noah Glass, Jeffrey Gordon, Annette Gordon-Reed, Jamal Greene, Ariela J. Gross, Hendrik Hartog, Bert I. Huang, Freya Irani, Olatunde C. Johnson, Jeremy Kessler, Ryan Liss, Kenneth W. Mack, Jane Manners, Henry P. Monaghan, Shaun Ossei-Owusu, Christina Duffy Ponsa-Kraus, Vlad Perju, David Pozen, Alex Raskolnikov, Martha A. Sandweiss, Carol Sanger, Matthew A. Shapiro, Emily Stolzenberg, Sarah L. Swan, Sean Wilentz, and Rebecca E. Zietlow, as well as the editors of The University of Chicago Law Review and participants in the Columbia Law School Associates and Fellows Workshop, the Harvard Legal History Workshop, and the American Society for Legal History.

In the midst of a New England winter long ago, young people of Boston filed into a drafty meeting hall up the road from the harbor. They had assembled on that January morning in 1839 for the seventh annual meeting of the New England Anti-Slavery Society.