Copyright

I thank the John M. Olin Foundation and the Paul H. Leffmann Fund for their generous research support.

For insightful discussions and comments, I claim appreciation to Arnaud Ajdler, Ian Ayres, Michael Birnhack, Miriam Bitton, Robert Brauneis, Dan Burk, Kevin Collins, Christopher Cotropia, Kevin Davis, Rochelle Dreyfuss, John Duffy, Brett Frischmann, John Golden, Wendy Gordon, Hugh Hansen, Scott Hemphill, Timothy Holbrook, Bert Huang, Sonia Katyal, Amir Khoury, Roberta Kwall, Jeffrey Lefstin, Mark Lemley, Douglas Lichtman, Clarisa Long, Michael Madison, Peter Menell, Joseph Scott Miller, Mark Patterson, Anthony Reese, Pamela Samuelson, Susan Scafidi, Katherine Strandburg, Polk Wagner, Tim Wu, Shlomit Yaniski-Ravid, Benjamin Zipursky, and participants at the Seventh Annual Intellectual Property Scholars Conference, 2009 Stanford/Yale Junior Faculty Forum, and in workshops at Bar-Ilan, Brooklyn, Columbia, Fordham, and George Washington law schools.

For helpful comments, I thank Omri Ben-Shahar, Rebecca S. Eisenberg, Margaret J. Radin, and the participants in the Law and Economics workshop at the University of Michigan Law School and the Licensing of Intellectual Property Symposium at The University of Chicago Law School. The views expressed in this work, as well as all remaining errors, are, of course, my own.

The author thanks Ishan Bhabha, Christopher Buccafusco, Mark Egerman, Sam Erman, Richard Fallon, Terry Fisher, Sandy Henderson, Richard Posner, David Post, Henry Smith, Rebecca Stone, Cass Sunstein, and Elisabeth Theodore for comments and advice on previous drafts.

I thank Scott Baker, Chris Buccafusco, T.J. Chiang, Mark Lemley, Mark McKenna, Sean Pager, Pam Samuelson, Chris Sprigman, Felix Wu, and attendees of the 2017 WIPIP Conference at Boston University for their helpful comments.